Curriculum design and development

Presentation Curriculum advancement is an idea that has pulled in a ton of conversation in regard to the manner in which it tends to be suitably characterized. Agreeing UNESCO and IIEP (2006), there is no single meaning of educational program advancement. Most definitions center around the schedules and learning materials. The more extensive definitions consider that educational plan is ideas that incorporate different factors inside and outside the school systems.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Curriculum structure and improvement explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditionally, educational program was alluded to as a gathering of courses that shaped piece of the school’s training program. This alludes to the affirmed courses that must be practiced with the goal that an understudy can be elevated to the following instructive level. As the world keeps on modernizing its training frameworks, different definitions have been created to clarify the idea of educational plan advancement. Along these lines, educational plan can be characterized as the association of groupings of learning results. The arrangements are settled in the training arrangement of a nation, and are planned for accomplishing quality instruction (UNESCO and IIEP, 2006). Schools and universities have planned educational programs to build up the aptitudes of understudies. This is planned for accomplishing different expert prerequisites in the changing current world. Thusly, the requirement for better abilities has contributed than the requirement for educational plan improvement in instruction frameworks worldwide.Curriculum advancement has been portrayed as the way toward arranging perspectives that are educated inside an instructive organization. Educational plan improvement is done to coordinate the school courses and projects to the abilities of understudies (Hedden, 2012). The point is to build up an educational program that gives instructiv e manageability over the long haul; accordingly accomplishing the objectives of national turn of events. Educational plan improvement centers around major and minor points and courses that add to the students’ vocation advancement. Educational program advancement alludes to a wide scope of conversations by various callings and associations that settle on choices concerning learning encounters. Such choices should be coordinated in a national, territorial, or nearby training framework to guarantee supportable turn of events (Braslavsky, n.d.). Educational program advancement changes from nation to nation. The procedure can be controlled from a national level by the service of training or individual states as the case in some government nations (Braslavsky, n.d.). Brought together nations as a rule apply a top-down methodology in the advancement of educational program. In such manner, the educational plan is introduced to educators who, when they embrace it, should show the stu dents. In the end, the educational plan is assessed by all the gatherings concerned.Advertising Looking for article on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Braslavsky (n.d.), the general public can control the procedure of drive educational program advancement. This is alluded to as the base up educational program improvement. The reactions gathered by educators and other training authorities are assessed, and norms are set to build up the educational program further. This framework is for the most part utilized by decentralized governments. Proficient associations that impact educational program choices The educational program being created should address the issues of pertinence, arrangement, and reconciliation in a surrendered community’s set (Stabback, 2007). In this manner, the procedure can be affected by different expert associations that guarantee that the educational program meets the va rious, major, national, monetary, social, mutual and individual goals with no structure separation. The associations are typically made out of people from a typical calling or specialization. Throughout the years, these associations have effectively taken an interest in educational program advancement to guarantee manageability of training establishments. This is finished with the point of growing information and aptitudes to understudies (Hedden, 2012). A few associations that impact educational program improvement include: Accountants Association, Professional Engineering associations, and the National Councils of Teachers. Name Links Purpose American Accounting Association-AAA http://commons.aaahq.org/documents/0b14318188/Pathways_Commission_Final_Report_Complete.pdf The article planned for coordinating expertly arranged personnel into noteworthy parts of bookkeeping training, projects, and examination. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics https://www.nap.edu/read/5844/par t/5 This article planned for giving rules identified with the instructing and learning of arithmetic among understudies. This was intended to guarantee that all understudies accomplish equivalent Standards-based arithmetic training. Additionally, the instructors were guaranteed of the development openings in regard to their calling. Educational program structure and improvement The procedure of educational program advancement includes the plan and advancement of incorporated designs for realizing, how to actualize and assess the plans, and checking the result. Planning the educational program includes basic examination of the instructing and learning structure. The reason for the structure stage is to clarify certain activity plans for accomplishing the educational program destinations. The procedure is done expertly and in fact to maintain a strategic distance from any cover between the points and the course. This outcomes to the advancement of prospectuses that attention on specif ic regions or subjects.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Curriculum plan and improvement explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More a definitive aftereffect of the procedure is generally an intelligible progression of points with respect to the courses offered in training foundations. Educational plan advancement guarantees that understudies get incorporated and intelligent learning experience that contributes towards individual, scholarly, and proficient learning experience (Stabback, 2007). Different advances are engaged with the way toward planning and creating educational program. These means are significantly followed when another educational plan is required, or when educational program changes are imperative. Educational plan advancement includes bit by bit logical output and examination of significant accepted procedures. Conferences with different partners followed by improvement of an educational plan system are directed before schedules are acknowledged. The acknowledged plans are then actualized, and appropriate observing is built up to check in the case of everything concerning the educational program is exact. The survey and correction of the substance is important for the entire procedure to succeed. The procedure is orderly and has a reasonable spotlight on sub-frameworks to dodge unfortunate results and misuse of assets. Having a precise procedure in the advancement of the educational program empowers the end of any potential provisos. Simultaneously, this expresses the global guidelines benchmarks (Stabback, 2007). The job of innovation in educational plan advancement Technology assumes an incredible job in educational program improvement around the globe. Throughout the years, innovation has assumed a critical job on the planet instruction educational plans. This has been seen as the best improvement that educational program advancement has ever seen. PCs have become a methods for data conveyance where web educ ational plans and online modules are the regular innovations that have emphatically changed educational plan improvement (Ali, 2008; Scholl, 2001). Innovation has enhanced the conveyance of learning assets because of the developing number of distribution and mechanical forward leaps in research. Today, innovative headway offers normalized directions and learning condition that is natural and can be gotten to from any goal (Ali, 2008).Advertising Searching for exposition on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This has brought about more prominent fulfillment among students since they can share and access normal assets. Innovation has likewise diminished the time spent for educational plan improvement in an impressive way when contrasted with the past methods of educational program advancement. Productivity has likewise been accomplished in the improvement of the educational plan when contrasted with customary strategies that necessary a ton of time (Scholl, 2001). School-wide Curriculum improvement activity The Ministry of Education is accused of the duty of undertaking broad educational plan research. This is planned for gathering applicable reactions about what ought to be changed, presented, or discarded to improve the educational program. This includes discussion from guardians, instructors, training authorities, chairmen, and proficient bodies among different partners. The discoveries are then submitted to the extraordinary educational program survey panel that breaks down the proced ure before concurring on the territories and subjects that should be tended to. Legitimate measures are built up to guarantee that the plans are actualized. Moreover, appropriate checks are established to assess the advancement of the plans (Braslavsky, n.d.). The nearby checking of the procedure encourages further changes to the educational plan. The significant difficulties experienced during educational plan improvement can be grouped into three classes. This incorporates inner, social, and outside difficulties. Concerning inner difficulties, the educational plan advancement encounters the test to accommodate with the prerequisites by the service. These prerequisites are critical to the schools. The way of life as a rule impacts the procedure, requesting for changes that perceive its qualities and standards. Outside powers may likewise win in educational plan advancement to guarantee that the proposed educational program tends to issues of universal concern, for example, wellbein g, science, and human rights (Stabback, 2007). Determination Curriculum improvement is a perplexing procedure that requires responsibility of

Plato Grandfather Of Democracy Essays - Philosophy,

Plato: Grandfather Of Democracy Plato: The Grandfather of Democracy The history and the advancement of what we know as law, has created out of a wide range of perspectives and ways of thinking. It has been the consequence of the operational and manipulative parts of open issues, and furthermore is by all accounts the formation of various philosophical frameworks. There have been numerous that have been pioneers here of thought from political pioneers and tyrants, to other people who were basic political visionaries and rationalists. Through the astuteness and lessons of Plato, law has developed into a wide range of frameworks, and through this paper we will examine the effect this specific thinker had on our cutting edge arrangement of majority rules system. We will likewise attempt to perceive that law will keep on developing, as mans from the beginning of time. Numerous individuals accept that Plato, whose life expectancy was 427-348 B.C., has applied a more noteworthy impact over human idea than some other individual concentrated from the beginning of time. He was an understudy of another colossal supporter of human idea, Socrates. Plato had composed a critique on majority rule government called The Republic. In this book he talks about the evil impacts popular government has on the individuals, yet in addition breaks down the unavoidable requirement for political pioneers. Plato contends that the intrinsic shortcoming of majority rules system exists and considers it the outrageous of famous liberty(Platos, The Republic). Yet, when we examine Platos sees, we should consider that his vision of vote based system is vastly different than the advanced arrangement of majority rule government that we know today. Plato goes on to saythis framework is the place slaves - male and female-have a similar freedom as their proprietors, and where there i s finished uniformity and freedom in the relations between the sexes(The Republic). Another statement from The Republic shows how unique it was from our own present perspective on the majority rule framework. At that point in popular government, I went on, theres no impulse either to practice authority in the event that you are equipped for it, or to submit to power on the off chance that you dont need to; you neednt battle if theres a war, or you can wage a private war in peacetime on the off chance that you dont like harmony; and if theres any law that suspends you from political or legal office, you will none the less take either on the off chance that they come your direction. Its a brilliantly wonderful way if carrying on in the short run, isnt it?(The Republic). In An Introduction to Platos Republic by Julia Annas, she contends Plato presents majority rules system as characterized by lenient pluralism, yet Athens was a populist vote based system, with a plainly characterized lifestyle isolating those with power from those without, and about as open minded of straightforwardly communicated dissention as McCarthyite America! Here, Annus is utilizing the examination of majority rules system to lenient pluralism, as a method of saying that inside Platos perspective on this kind of political framework there exists a wide range of real factors, and appears to address if law exists by any stretch of the imagination. She thinks about his purported majority rules system as what is generally alluded to as insurgency. Plato accepts there are three social classes in popular government: the automatons (jobless), the rich, and the working masses. He says there will in the long run be a time of distress between the individuals and the legislature, and the common laborers will advance a solitary well known pioneer, whom they medical attendant to enormity, and it is this pioneer who is the root from which oppression constantly springs(The Republic). Here I might want to call attention to that Platos pioneer who ascends through a time of agitation from the working masses could be contrasted with Germanys Adolph Hitler. He excessively rose to enormity from a Democratic framework, and what before long followed was the inevitablePlato alluded to this as oppression. Platos arrangement of majority rule government in The Republic is entirely different than what we are aware of today as vote based system, yet the establishment is there, and we realize that his framework would unavoidably prompt bedlam, as it is without a doubt disorder. However, as we find in Hitlers Germany, McCarthyite America, and Platos thought of majority rule government oppression, we additionally realize that at whatever point there is a decision class we should address on the off chance that it is genuinely to benefit the individuals. As yet examining the establishments of Platos majority rule framework, we see that Plato presumed that a great many people don't keep up the

Analysis of Wallow's Character in Haunting of Olivia Essay

Investigation of Wallow's Character in Haunting of Olivia - Essay Example humiliated to concede that he doesn’t see any ghosts† (Russell). From this line, the peruser has an understanding that these are brains of little youngsters who figure they can discover the apparition of their a distant memory sister. Regardless of whether apparitions exist or not is a subject worth of conversation by the individuals who trust in their reality. As the story creates, it is uncovered to the peruser that Wallow matured fourteen and his sibling (the storyteller) has been having various outings to the lake shore looking for their dead sister (Russell). They over and again search through the pontoons at the shore with the desire for having a brief look at their dead sister. The peruser can see the harasser idea of the senior sibling through the more youthful sibling, who says, â€Å"On land, Wallow’s an uncouth child. He destroys whatever gets in his way: infant buggies, single men, me† (Russell). These lines gives the peruser a comprehension of the sort of character Wallow some of the time recovers into when he feels that he has everything necessary to be a harasser. This additionally clarifies why he drives the sibling looking for the sister’s phantom. From the story the peruser is likewise ready to grasp that the guardians of the two kids have continued making a trip to underdeveloped nations since the passing of their little girl. This is on the grounds that they feel the children are sufficiently developed to deal with themselves. As the story reaches a conclusion, the peruser comprehends that nothing positive comes out of the brothers’ scan for their sister’s phantom. ... In reference to the bullish idea of Wallow, the peruser comprehends that without steady consideration by the guardians, the senior sibling will consistently need to be defensive of his more youthful sibling. Character Traits of the Story’s Characters The character of Wallow in the story â€Å"Haunting of Olivia† is mindful. As a senior sibling, and at fourteen years old, he secures his sibling, who is twelve, in light of the fact that the guardians are infrequently with them (Russell). At the point when they are searching the vessels to discover anything of significant worth, the peruser finds that Wallow stays in charge and saves watch for the security of them two. This can be seen when he says to his sibling: â€Å"All right, bro,† Wallow says. â€Å"It’s go time.† He takes my elbow and gentles me down the boards with such delicacy that I am out of nowhere extremely apprehensive. In any case, there’s no sense making the dive moderate and un bearable...† (Russell). In addition, Wallow is creative about nature and odd. He alludes to the commemoration of his late sister as â€Å"unbirthday†. Since the sister kicked the bucket on that material day, he feels that it is her unbirthday. The peruser realizes this can't be named as unbirthday. Flounder says, â€Å"†¦that implies that today around evening time is Olivia’s unbirthday, the commemoration of her death† (Russell). The creative mind and odd notion in these lines is uncovered from the way that Wallow believes that something contrary to birthday festivity is unbirthday. This is in reference to death commemoration of Olivia. In addition, by accepting that Olivia’s phantom is in presence and they should search for it, it is a demonstration of odd notion. Apparitions are not things that exist but rather they emerge out of

The Normal Science of Structural Contingency Theory - Free Essay Example

The Normal Science of Structural Contingency Theory    Introduction The recurrent set of relationships between organizational members can be considered to be the structure of the organization. This includes the authority relationships, the reporting relationships as signified in the organization chart, the behaviors required by organizational rules, the patterns in decision making such as decentralization, patterns of communication and other behavior patterns. Contingency theory states that there is no single organizational structure that is highly effective for all organizations. It sees the structure that is optimal as varying according to certain factors (contingency factors) such as organizational strategy, size, task uncertainty and technology. Organizational characteristics in turn reflect the influence of the environment in which the organization is located. Thus, in order to be effective, the organization needs to fit its structure to the contingency factors of the organization and thus to the environment. The task of contingency research is to identify the particular contingency factor or factors to which each particular aspect of organizational structure needs to fit. This involves the construction of theoretical models of fits between contingency and structural factors and their testing against empirical data. Origins of Structural Contingency Theory Up until about the late 1950s academic writing about organizational structure was dominated by the classical management school. This held that there was a single organizational structure that was highly effective in organizations of all kinds. This structure was distinguished by a high degree of decision-making and planning at the top of the hierarchy. From the 1930s onwards the human relations school focused on the individual employee as possessing psychological and social needs. The focus here was on the bottom-up processes of organizing and the benefits of participation in decision-making by employees from lower levels of the hierarchy. There were attempts to bring together these two antithetical approaches of classical management and human relations by arguing that each approach had its place. Thus Contingency theories developed in the 1950s and 1960s on topics such as small-group decision making and leadership. The core assumption of structural contingency theory is that low uncertainty tasks are most effectively performed by centralized hierarchy since this is simple, quick and allows close coordination cheaply. As task uncertainty increases, through innovation or the like, then the hierarchy needs to loosen control somewhat and be overlain by participatory, communicative structures. As size increases the compact, simple centralized structure is replaced by a bureaucracy featuring a tall hierarchy and extensive specialization. Burns and Stalker pioneered the contingency approach to organizational structure. They distinguished between the mechanistic structure in which organizational roles were tightly defined by superiors who had the monopoly of organizational knowledge, and the organic structure in which organizational roles were loosely defined and arrived at by mutual discussion between employees, with knowledge being dispersed among the employees who possessed varieties of expertise germane to the organizational mission. Burns and Stalker argued that where an organization faces a stable environment then the mechanistic structure is effective, but where the organization faces a high level of technological and market change then the organic structure is required. Woodward conducted a comparative survey study of one hundred manufacturing organizations. She examined their organizational structures and found them to be unrelated to the size of their organizations. Operations technology emerged as the key correlate of organizational structure. Woodward used quantitative measures of organizational structure, such as the span of control of the first line supervisor, the number of levels of management in the hierarchy and the ratio of direct to indirect labor. She gives many quantitative results showing associations between operations technology and various aspects of organizational structure. Lawrence and Lorsch have been credited with initiating the term â€Å"contingency theory†. They theorized that the rate of environmental change affected the differentiation and integration of the organization. Lawrence and Lorsch advanced their theory in a comparative study of different organizations in three industries: containers, processed foods and plastics. They demonstrated their environments had higher performance. Hage similar to Burns and Stalker showed that centralized, formalized organizations produced high efficiency but low innovation rates while decentralized, less formalized organizations produced low efficiency but high innovation rates. Perrow argued that knowledge technology was a contingency of organizational structure. The more codified the knowledge used in the organization and the fewer the exceptions encountered in operations, the more the organization could be centralized in decision making. Thompson distinguished closed system organizations versus organizations which are open systems transacting with their environments. He argued that organizations attempt to insulate their core production technologies into a closed system to render them efficient through buffering the core from the environment. Thompson argued that the environment directly shaped the organizational structure, with different parts of the organizational structure being specialized to conform to the requirements of different parts of the environment. Blau advanced a theory of structural differentiation. This asserted that as an organization grows in size (employees) so it structures itself more elaborately into increasingly numerous sub-units, such as more divisions, more sections per division, more levels in the hierarchy. He also argued that organizational growth leads to greater economies of scale with the proportion of employees who are managers or support staff declining. Weber argued that organizations were becoming increasingly bureaucratic structures, characterized by impersonal administration, fostered in part by their increasing size. Chandler showed historically that strategy leads to structure. Corporations need to maintain a fit between their strategy and their structure otherwise they suffer lower performance. Egelhoff in particular, advances a formal contingency theory based on the underlying information processing requirements. Structural Contingency (Theory Model) The contingency theory model of the way organizational structure changes as the contingencies change through growth. Both the internal and the environmental factors are referred to as contingencies, many contingency factors of structure such as organizational size or technology are internal to the organization. A small organization, one with few employees, is organized effectively in a simple structure in which there are few levels in the hierarchy. Decision making authority is concentrated in the top manager who exercises power directly over the lower-level employees. As the organization grows in size, especially in the number of employees, the structure becomes more differentiated. Many more levels are added in the hierarchy, Some of the decision making authority of the top managers is delegated down to them, commensurate with their greater knowledge of local, operational matters. Throughout the organization there is a greater division of labor as operations are broken down into their components and allocated to specific departments and work groups. As organizations seek to innovate, in products or services or production processes, so this entails more uncertain tasks. These tasks cannot be formalized by the bureaucracy, and the tasks cannot be pre specific in advance in a rule or procedure because this would require knowledge that the bureaucrats do not possess. So the organization has to allow employees discretion and encourage them to use their initiative, with the actual division of labor involving team elements and emerging through discussion between employees rather than being imposed by hierarchical superiors. The Structural Contingency (Research Paradigm) The theory is sociological functionalism, sociological functionalism explains social structures by their functions, that is their contributions to the well-being of society. The organizational sociological branch of functionalism posits that organizational structures are shaped so as to provide for effective functioning by the organization. The adaptation by the organization to its environment makes structural contingency theory part of adaptive functionalism. The functionalist theoretical base has meant that the contingency paradigm can be pursued both by sociologists interested only in the explanation of organizational structure, for whom the functionality of a structure is purely a cause, and management theorists for whom the effectiveness outcomes of structures inform their prescriptive advice to managers. The adaptive functionalism, contingency-fit model and comparative method constitute the core of the paradigm of structural contingency theory. They provide a framework in which subsequent researchers work. The Normal Science Phase: Replication and Generalizations The studies of replication and generalization constitute much of the normal science research in the structural contingency literature. During the 1970s there arose an interest in whether different national cultures require different forms of organizational structure that render the general structural contingency theories false. The initial orientation of most researchers is that they expect that they may find the contingency-structure relations of the pioneering studies but that such general assertions are to be treated cautiously until verified empirically in each particular, new setting. The Aston Group gave emphasis to replication. The multiple dimensions of organizational structure found in the pioneering study were not found in some replication studies, some of which found a single main dimension. The main contingency-structure findings of the original study have been supported: size is the major contingency of the bureaucratic structuring of the activities aspect of organizational structure. Replication studies bear this out. Further studies show that this finding generalizes across organizations of many types and nations in diverse locations. The size-functional specialization relationships generalizes globally. Causal Dynamics SARFIT theory mentioned that there is fit between each contingency and one (or more) aspect of organizational structure such that fit positively affects performance and misfit negatively affects performance. This causes adoption of a new structure so that fit is regained and performance restored. Hence the cycle of adaptation is: fit, contingency change, misfit, structural adaptation, new fit. Commentators have argued against the SARFIT. The call is made by commentators for structural contingency theory studies to move beyond cross-sectional or synchronic research designs into those that study organizational change through time, that is longitudinal or diachronic studies. Thus part of normal science has been the move to make studies through time in order to reveal the actual causal paths. Dynamics of Strategy and Structure The fit of strategy and structure is positively related to performance. Thus the proposition that the fit between strategy and structure affects performance receives support. When organizational change is examined by a model that more accurately captures the full processes involved in structural adaptation then structural contingency theory is confirmed. Where the simplistic model that contingency change leads to structural change is used to analyze data it leads to the erroneous conclusion that structural contingency theory is not supported. This is normal science at work: resolving findings contrary to theory by showing that the empirical testing procedure was erroneous. The correlation between strategy and structure does not arise through structure causing strategy. This adds confidence that the causal dynamics are those identified in the SARFIT model. Strategic Choice The determinism of Structural contingency theory is has been much criticized, critics argue, more moderately, that the contingencies have some influence but that there is a substantial degree of choice (strategic choice). The choice for managers and other organizational controllers arises from several sources. He points out the decision making process that intervenes between contingency and structure. Managers (and other organizational controllers) vary in their response to the contingency according to their perceptions, their implicit theories, preferences, values, interests and power. A corporation in a dominant market position, such as monopoly or oligopoly, or a corporation in a protected industry, has sufficient excess profit, or organizational slack, that it can absorb a decrement in performance, due to structural misfit, without the profit level becoming unsatisfactory. Thus managers of such organizations may retain a misfitting structure that they prefer for a long time. Child argues that when a misfit is no longer tolerable and fit must be restored this can be done by retaining the structure and altering the contingency to fit the structure. Thus there is no imperative to adapt structure to contingency for there is an alternative route to regain fit. Research into strategy and structure shows that organizations in misfit may delay adoption of a new, fitting structure for lengthy periods, up to decades. Structural adaptation empirically tends to occur when the organization in misfit has low performance. This is consistent with the strategic choice argument. For most firms, the degree of organizational slack enjoyed through market domination would be almost exhausted by structural misfit so that performance would decline below the satisfying level, leading to structural adaptation. Strategic choice theory argues that an organization in misfit can regain fit by altering its contingency to fit its structure, thereby avoiding the necessity of changing a structure that the managers prefer. Strategic choice theory often has a negative aspect in that it seeks to assert a role of managerial choice by showing that managers select structures that are less than optimal for the situation, Thus choice is manifested by selecting a structure different from that which the contingencies determine to be most effective. However, more positive, sense of choice is that managers select the structure which moves the organization into fit with the contingencies thereby increasing organizational effectiveness through bowing to the system imperatives. Thus they exercise choice and are the human actors making the system respond but the outcome is beneficial for the organization and in conformity with contingency theory. Fit and Performance Multidimensional model of fit would more richly capture the idea of fit. It would be more complex, as each structural variable has in practice only a limited number of contingencies. Many structural variables have as their contingencies only a limited set of contingency variables, mostly restricted to one or a few out of the variables of size, strategy, task uncertainty and public accountability. The Challenge of Other Paradigms As part of the growing pluralism in the study of organizations, since about the mid 1970s new paradigms have arisen in sociology and economics which offer explanations of organizational structure additional to those available in structural contingency theory. Reflections on The Structural Contingency Theory Paradigm The normal science of structural contingency theory has been pursued by a number of scholars. However, it is has declined in popularity since 1970. There have arisen many new and different approaches, for example, institutional theory in the US and action theory in the UK. The normal science of structural contingency theory has been pursued only by some students of organization. Nevertheless their results have indicated that considerable progress has now been made in solving puzzles and advancing a strengthened structural contingency theory. Many contemporary empirical researchers take the contingency-structure relationship as basic and then add on variables and interpretations from the newer structural paradigms. Structural contingency theory began as a synthesis between the opposed ideas of the classical management and human relations schools, it is not inappropriate that it in turn should become synthesized with other organization theories in a wider model. Proponents of structural contingency theory will see it as providing the major component of the new synthesis. Proponents of the other organization theories will see structural contingency theory as providing only a minor part and their own preferred theory as providing the major component of the new synthesis. 1

Essay on Problem Set 2 - 961 Words

Problem Set #2 Ec 370 Summer, 2013 Michigan State University M. Naretta 1. Another popular sport on SASN is One-out, Two-base baseball. In this sport there are, obviously, two bases: home and 2nd. The batter hits the ball and runs to 2nd. If he or she (it’s a co-ed sport) gets a hit, then the batter is on second. If it’s an out, then the inning is over and the other team gets to bat. Suppose that it’s a hit. Then the next batter bats with a runner on 2nd base. If that batter makes an out, the inning is over. If that batter gets a hit, the run scores and the game and his or her team wins. The probability of getting a hit is 0.6. a. Draw the tree. b. Write an equation for the value of being the†¦show more content†¦The Chi-square test for the difference in means gives a p-value of 0.0379. What would you recommend for Larry? (No facetious comments.) Explain. He should drive more. With a p value of .0379 there is only a 3.79% variation in success which means since he is more successful at driving the basketball then that is what his strategy should be. b. Again analyzing his past data, Larry does a runs test. He finds the following results. Expected Number of Runs: 64.9; sd: 5.1064 z-value= 2.96274; His own data indicate 80 runs. What is he doing wrong? Explain. He is making too many changes from driving to jumpers and it is very significant with a z value of 2.96274 5. The diagram below shows the point value of having the ball on each yard line. It is taken from Romer’s â€Å"It’s fourth and two.† a. What is the value of having the ball on your own 30 yard line? _____1___ b. If you have the ball on your own 30 and gain 18 yards, how many points have you gained in expected value? _______1____ c. If you have the ball on the 30 and fumble, and your opponent recovers the ball at the same yard line, how many points have you lost in expected value?Show MoreRelatedproblem set 2959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿PROBLEM SET 2 Name: ___________________________________ Problem Set 2 is to be completed by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 4. 1. The following table presents data for wages in the market for internet security professionals. (HINT: in the labor market the roles are reversed. Those who want to hire labor are the demanders. The workers enter the work force providing labor to the market place so they are the suppliers.) Wage Quantity Demanded Quantity supplied $50,000 20,000 14,000 $60Read MoreProblem Set 2788 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PROBLEM SET I Problem Set I â€Æ' Problem Set I 4-20 Juan’s Taco Company has restaurants in five college towns. Juan wants to expand into Austin and College Station and needs a bank loan to do this. Mr. Bryan, the banker, will finance construction if Juan can present an acceptable three-month financial plan for January through March. The following are actual and forecasted sales figures: Table 1 Actual November $120,000 December 140,000 Forecast January $190,000 FebruaryRead MoreProblem Set 2 Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Problem Set 2 Name: __________________________________________ Problem Set 2 is to be completed by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 4. 1. The following table presents data for wages in the market for internet security professionals. (HINT: in the labor market the roles are reversed. Those who want to hire labor are the demanders. The workers enter the work force providing labor to the market place so they are the suppliers.) Wage Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied $50,000 Read MoreProblem Set 2 With Answers1201 Words   |  5 PagesFIN532M: Financial Derivatives Problem Set 2 DUE DATE: Feb. 12, 2015 1. How can you differentiate the forward price from the value of a forward contract? (2 points) 2. Explain why an FRA can be viewed as an exchange of a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest payments and how you can use FRA in mitigating risks. (4 points) 3. The standard deviation of monthly changes in the spot price of live cattle is 1.2 cents per pound. The standard deviation of monthly changes in the futuresRead MoreProblem Set 2 Mba 5031122 Words   |  5 PagesProblem Set II Problem P9 Ââ€" 17: Jack Hammer FV (Table 1) at 11% discount rate 2.00 x .901 = $1.80 2.20 x .802 = $1.79 2.40 x .731 = $1.75 33.00 x .731 = $24.12 -------- $29.46 Problem P9 - 22: Alternative Present Values: Your rich godfather has offered you a choice of one of the three following alternatives: $10,000 now; $2,000 a year for eight years; or $24,000 at the end of eight years. Solution: (first alternative)Read MoreMba 503 Problem Set 21299 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 9, Problem 17 Jack Hammer invests in a stock that will pay dividends of $2.00 at the end of the first year; $2.20 at the end of the second year; and $2.40 at the end of the third year. Also, he believes that at the end of the third year he will be able to sell the stock for $33. What is the present value of all future benefits if a discount rate of 11 percent is applied? (Round all values to two places to the right of the decimal point.) Present value of a single amount PV = FV x PVIFRead MoreRSM332 Problem Set 2 Solutions1982 Words   |  8 PagesUNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Joseph L. Rotman School of Management RSM332 PROBLEM SET #2 SOLUTIONS 1. (a) Expected returns are: E[RA ] = 0.3 Ãâ€" 0.07 + 0.4 Ãâ€" 0.06 + 0.3 Ãâ€" (−0.08) = 0.021 = 2.1%, E[RB ] = 0.3 Ãâ€" 0.14 + 0.4 Ãâ€" (−0.04) + 0.3 Ãâ€" 0.08 = 0.05 = 5%. Variances are: 2 ÏÆ'A = 0.3 Ãâ€" (0.07)2 + 0.4 Ãâ€" (0.06)2 + 0.3 Ãâ€" (0.08)2 − (0.021)2 = 0.004389, 2 ÏÆ'B = 0.3 Ãâ€" (0.14)2 + 0.4 Ãâ€" (0.04)2 + 0.3 Ãâ€" (0.08)2 − (0.05)2 = 0.00594. Standard deviations are: √ 0.004389 = 6.625%, ÏÆ'A = √ 0.00594 =Read MoreLocation Convenience Is An Important Factor When Customers Select A Financial Institution2500 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant factor when customers select a financial institution (see Mylonakis et al. 1998; Driscoll 1999). A customer may find a bank convenient if it has a branch or an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) near his / her residence or workplace, say within 2 Km1. To stay competitive, banks usually attempt to increase convenience (be as close as possible to customers) by expanding their bank and / or ATM networks. Basically, such expansions could be done in at least two ways (see Birkin et al 2002a): by buildingRead MoreThe Critical Thinking Assignment For Module One841 Words   |  4 Pages CT #1 Option #2: Sets #2 The Critical Thinking assignment for Module One, Option Two, is a series of five questions pertaining to Set Theory and Venn diagrams. In short, Set Theory is the notion in which items (e.g., numbers, colors, people), referred to in mathematics as â€Å"elements† can be grouped into â€Å"sets† in order to organize and understand elements (Jech, 1971). In relation, Venn diagrams are circular illustrations utilized to visually express relationships between sets (Grà ¼nbaum, 1975). ItRead MoreComparision Of P Self Protection Problem Algorithms For Static Wireless Sensor Networks1348 Words   |  6 PagesComparision of p-self Protection Problem Algorithms for Static Wireless Sensor Networks Nikitha Gullapalli Graduate Student, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida nikitha@mail.usf.edu Abstract — Wireless sensor networks are being widely used in many surveillance applications. Since sensor nodes are a critical part of sensor networks, certain level of protection needs to be provided to them. The self-protection problem focuses on using sensor nodes to provide

Ancient Chinese Philosophy Tao Te Ching Essay Example For Students

Ancient Chinese Philosophy: Tao Te Ching Essay TAO TE CHING?The Ancient Masters were profound and subtle. Their wisdom was unfathomable. There is no way to describe it; all we can describe is their appearance.The best athlete wants his opponent at his best. The best general enters the mind of his enemy. The best businessman serves the communal food. The best leader follows the will of the people .?The teachings from the book, Tao Te Ching helped influence both the social and moral aspects of the Chinese way of life. The teachings have provided hope, and inspiration for the Chinese people. In ancient China, the people were self-providing farmers who lived exclusively off the land. They rarely took the time to intermingle with their neighbors, and the family stood independently. The people had little knowledge about the outside world and had no desire to learn. Far travel was avoided at all costs, due to the strong attachment to ones own home. The people believed that, ?No man could be full grown without his roots in his home .? The people referred to their homes as ?tien, yuan, lu mo?, which meant fields, gardens, houses, graves. The Chinese thought that the causes of crime were soldiers and wanderers. They were considered evil beings for venturing away from they home. The people believed that all things, living and un-living, had spirits in them. They felt that the spirits if disturbed, could drastically affect ones life. They used amulets, spells, prayers, incantations, and special rites to ward of misfortune. This is a direction to a later Lao Tzus teaching stating, ?Practice not-doing, and everything will fall into place .? The home did not limit its members to the current living members; the dead and the future were also considered family. Around 650BC, during the Chou Dynasty, the value of knowledge changed. Although communication between towns was still difficult, many Sages were in desire of knowledge. Some of the most well known sages were; Mencius, Mo Tzu, Confucius, and Lao Tzu, the author of Tao Te Ching. Confucius wrote about the problems of man, and proposed many solutions. He also wrote about authority and respect, and proposed ?submissiveness.? His works helped influence the way that government was run, and Confucius actively participated in government. His teachings were present in the Chinese government for many years, until the belief in Tao. A sage named Lao Tzu created the Tao religion. Very little is known about Lao Tzu. Even the meaning of his name is a mystery; ?the Old Master? or ?the Old Boy The only thing we do know about Lao Tzu is that he wrote the book, TAO TE CHING, and created a thought revolution. His reference to the eternal force he called Tao, gave people inspiration, and a new method of thinking. Lao Tzu described Tao as,?The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal Name. The unnamable is the eternally real. Naming is the origin of all particular things. Free from desire, you realize mystery. Caught in desire, you see only the manifestations. Yet mystery and manifestations arise from the same source. Darkness within darkness. The gateway to all understanding. ?and later went on to say,?The Tao is infinite, eternal. Why is it eternal? It was never born; thus it can never die. Why is it infinite? It has no desires for itself; thus it is present for all bein gs. ?Taoism believed in little governmental interference. This is best described through the belief that, ?the meek would inherit the earth. ?. Another example would be from the passage by Lao Tzu stating, ?Throw away holiness and wisdom, and the people will be a hundred time happier. Throw away morality and justice, and the people will do the right thing. Throw away industry and profit, and there wont be any thieves. ?Taoism is most described as that which is striving for equality. The thought of remaining in the middle, is the general belief in Taoism. . The creation of Yin and Yang derived from the belief of Tao. Tao is not only tangible things, but also what cannot be comprehended. What cannot be seen is also know as the ultimate principle or truth. .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 , .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .postImageUrl , .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 , .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792:hover , .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792:visited , .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792:active { border:0!important; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792:active , .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792 .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u894d3cd049a73104f05ffd7b42997792:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Larry Flint EssayTao proposed a new thought pattern for the Chinese people. The people now realized that they need each other. ?Being and non-being create each other. Difficult and easy support each other. Long and short define each other. High and low depend on each other. Before and after follow on each other. ?The tradition family values were modified to a lesser dependence upon the home. Tao also provided a direction for which the Chinese people could follow, and achieve happiness. The direction that Lao Tzu prescribed was to maintain a neutral area. His expressed this belief when he wrote the following;?The Tao doesnt take sides; it gives birth to both good and evil. The Master doesnt take sides; she welcomes both saints and sinners. The Tao is like a bellows; it is empty yet infinitely capable. The more you use it, the more it produces. The more you talk of it, the less you understand. Hold onto the center. ?During the Han Dynasty, they attempted to blend the Taoism and Confusism. Although this dynasty was one of the most successful of all of Chinese history, this blend turned into a complete failure. Confusism implied that the ?old ways? were only old ways. The idea that the new way was the right (only) way caused all of the ancient books to be burned. The possessors of these books were severely punished. Another outcome was the creation of the Great Wall. This wall was created to protect from attack from neighboring Barbarians, but this also sheltered the Chinese people from outside knowledge. Now Taoism was held exclusively to China. This allowed this belief to be pondered and modified. This helped to create Buddhism. Buddhism also is a more optimistic religion, compared to Confusism. Buddhism is now the most popular religion (based on percentage compared to population) in Asia. It is no longer in just China, it has since spread to India, and the Americas. In conclusion, the teachings from Tao Te Ching changed the way that the Chinese think. The idea of expanding ones knowledge was partially due to the creation of Taoism. Now the belief of equality is an issue that many areas are facing, such as the Americas, and African countries. Bibliography1. Fairservis, Walter A. Jr., BEFORE THE BUDDHA CAME, New York, New York, Charles Scribners Sons, 1972, pp. 7-64. 2. Lao Tzu, TAO TE CHING, Edited and Translated by Stephen Mitchell, New York, New York, HarperColilins Publishers, Inc., 19883. Yutang, Lin,: THE CHINESE WAY OF LIFE, Cleveland, Ohio, The World Publishing Company, 1959, pp. 82-123.

Essay Topics on Language - Great Tips to Help You Out

Essay Topics on Language - Great Tips to Help You OutAre you looking for some essay topics on language? If so, this is the article for you.As I was thinking about this, I realized that there are probably many topics that students could write about in their careers, just from the few topics that I've heard students talk about themselves. So I decided to look up some topic ideas for essay topics on language. Here's what I found:Language! Wow! What a great topic for an essay topic on language. It's actually been considered to be one of the most important topics that are used to explain the history of an area or idea. Maybe it's because so many people who work in this field, that it's hard to explain without explaining it all.I guess this article isn't for everyone. However, it's great if you're working on a degree or are just starting to consider pursuing this career. Maybe you already have a degree, but if you're just getting started with your studies and still don't know what to do ne xt, this article might be just what you need.Because it is such a large subject, you'll find that many people with a Masters of Arts or PhD in English will use their PhD as the basis for writing a thesis or dissertation. Most English students also get their degrees in the English area and this means that they often spend a lot of time writing about the same subjects.This is a great thing to do when you have many students. However, if you have the time, I recommend that you write an essay that you could have them all write together because that way you can learn as much as possible from each student.There are a lot of other great topics that you could write about. One example of this is how to do research, which I think is very important for students to learn in order to understand how the field works. Although this seems pretty obvious, most people don't take the time to learn this important aspect of the field.So these are just a few of the essay topics on language that you could p ossibly look into. I hope that you learned something new from this article. Thank you for reading my article.